Rho family proteins belong to the subfamily of the Ras GTP enzyme superfamily, and 15 Rho proteins have been identified and divided into three subfamilies; the first includes Rho (A, B, C), the second is Rnd 1-3, and the third includes Rac 1-3, RhoG, Cdc42H, Rho/TTF, TC10 and C hp. Rho acts as a molecular switch to initiate various intracellular signaling pathways, such as ACK, PAK, MEKKs and ROCK. When combined with GTP, Rho is activated, while Rho is inactive when combined with GDP. Rho is involved in many physiological activities, including cell migration, adhesion, cytokinesis, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and more extensive cell transformation.
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